Host–microbiota interactions are fundamental for the development of the immune system.
Drastic changes in modern environments and lifestyles have led to an imbalance of this …

Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune
system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation …

Fungal communities (the mycobiota) are an integral part of the gut microbiota, and the
disruption of their integrity contributes to local and gut-distal pathologies. Yet, the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract. Cytokine-targeted therapies have transformed the treatment of IBD, providing control of …

Despite multiple associations between the microbiota and immune diseases, their role in
autoimmunity is poorly understood. We found that translocation of a gut pathobiont …

The skin is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that is inhabited by bacteria, archaea, fungi
and viruses. These microbes—collectively referred to as the skin microbiota—are …

The study of the intestinal microbiota has begun to shift from cataloging individual members
of the commensal community to understanding their contributions to the physiology of the …

Trillions of microbes survive and thrive inside the human body. These tiny creatures are
crucial to the development and maturation of our immune system and to maintain gut …

Hundreds of microbiota genes are associated with host biology/disease. Unraveling the
causal contribution of a microbiota gene to host biology remains difficult because many are …

Gut microbiota has a fundamental role in the energy homeostasis of the host and is essential
for proper “education” of the immune system. Intestinal microbial communities are able to …