Fetal head descent can be expressed as fetal station and engagement. Station is
traditionally based on clinical vaginal examination of the distal part of the fetal skull and …

Background Routine vaginal examinations are undertaken at regular time intervals during
labour to assess whether labour is progressing as expected. Unusually slow progress can …

Background Ultrasound measurements offer objective and reproducible methods to
measure the fetal head station. Before these methods can be applied to assess labor …

Objectives To investigate if descent of the fetal head during active pushing is associated with
duration of operative vaginal delivery, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome in nulliparous …

Background The diagnosis of labor dystocia generally is determined by the deviation of
labor progress, which is assessed by the use of a partogram. Recently, intrapartum …

This recommendation document follows the mission of the World Association of Perinatal
Medicine in collaboration with the Perinatal Medicine Foundation. We aim to bring together …

Induction of labour is a common obstetrical procedure and is undertaken when the benefits
of delivery are considered to outweigh the risks of continuation of pregnancy. However …

Background The traditional approach to the assessment of labor progress is by digital
vaginal examination; however, it is subjective and imprecise. Recent studies have …

The first stage of labor is from the start of active labor until the cervix is fully dilatated. To
assess labor progress during this stage, a clinical examination has traditionally been done …

Objectives First, to compare the manual sagittal and parasagittal and automated parasagittal
methods of measuring the angle of progression (AoP) by transperineal ultrasound during …