Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific
discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer …

Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors target the dysfunctional immune system, to induce cancer-cell
killing by CD8-positive T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically anti-CTLA4 and …

Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) can provide durable clinical responses and improve
overall survival. However, only subsets of patients with specific tumor types respond to ICT …

Bladder cancer accounts for nearly 170,000 deaths worldwide annually. For over 4 decades,
the systemic management of muscle‐invasive and advanced bladder cancer has primarily …

Several mechanisms and cell types are involved in the regulation of the immune response.
These include mostly regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory macrophages (Mregs), myeloid …

The success of checkpoint inhibitors has accelerated the clinical implementation of a vast
mosaic of single agents and combination immunotherapies. However, the lack of clinical …

Immunotherapy shows promising therapeutic potential for long‐term tumor regression.
However, current cancer immunotherapy displays a low response rate due to insufficient …

The immune-related adverse events associated with treatment with immune checkpoint
inhibitors result in significant morbidity for patients as well as considerable cost to the health …