Abstract The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), published by the Council
of Europe (2001) is arguably one of the most influential language frameworks in the field of …

The present volume constitutes another addition to the De Gruyter Mouton Handbooks of
Applied Linguistics. As the reader can see from our subsequent Introduction to the …

This paper provides a description and rationale for a performance assessment of a teaching
practice--leading a classroom discussion (LCD)--included in the ETS® National …

The past decade has seen an emerging interest in mapping (aligning or linking) test scores
to language proficiency levels of external performance scales or frameworks, such as the …

Although there has been substantial work on argument-based approaches to validation as
well as standard-setting methodologies, it might not always be clear how standard setting fits …

Background In standard setting techniques involving panels of judges, the attributes of
judges may affect the cut-scores. This simulation study modelled the effect of the number of …

In this article, we consolidate and present in one place what is known about quality
indicators for setting standards so that stakeholders may be able to recognize the signs of …

Objective Most health literacy measures rely on subjective self-assessment. The Critical
Thinking about Health Test is an objective measure that includes two multiple-choice …

This paper considers how to establish the minimum required level of professionally relevant
oral communication ability in the medium of English for health practitioners with English as …

By themselves, scores on English-language proficiency tests may not provide sufficient
information to score users. A score of 130 on a measure of speaking skills, for example …