Cognitive effort has been implicated in numerous theories regarding normal and aberrant
behavior and the physiological response to engagement with demanding tasks. Yet, despite …

Although the prevalent view of emotion and decision making is derived from the notion that
there are dual systems of emotion and reason, a modulatory relationship more accurately …

We review research that measures time preferences—ie, preferences over intertemporal
trade—offs. We distinguish between studies using financial flows, which we call “money …

Understanding how the brain computes value is a basic question in neuroscience. Although
individual studies have driven this progress, meta-analyses provide an opportunity to test …

Do people intuitively favour certain actions over others? In some dual-process research,
reaction-time (RT) data have been used to infer that certain choices are intuitive. However …

Intertemporal tradeoffs play a key role in many personal decisions and policy questions. We
describe models of intertemporal choice, identify empirical regularities in choice, and pose …

Humans discount the value of future rewards over time. Here we show using functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neural coupling analyses that episodic future …

As the global population ages, older decision makers will be required to take greater
responsibility for their own physical, psychological and financial well-being. With this in …

Delay discounting describes the devaluation of a reinforcer as a function of the delay until its
receipt. Although all people discount delayed reinforcers, one consistent finding is that …

Humans and animals prefer immediate over delayed rewards (delay discounting). This
preference for smaller-but-sooner over larger-but-later rewards shows substantial …