The environment in which the fetus develops is critical for its survival and long-term health.
The regulation of normal human fetal growth involves many multidirectional interactions …

Complex though integrated hormonal and metabolic changes characterize pregnancy. In the
face of progressive decline in insulin action, glucose homeostasis is maintained through a …

Depending on the definitions used, up to 10% of all live-born neonates are small for
gestational age (SGA). Although the vast majority of these children show catch-up growth by …

Objective The prevalence of maternal overweight and fetal macrosomia is increasing. Fetal
macrosomia is associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. The …

The aim of the study was 1) to evaluate the association of maternal serum levels of placental
GH and IGF-I with fetal growth, and 2) to establish reference data for placental GH, IGF-I, and …

Objective Infants born from overweight and obese mothers with glucose‐controlled
gestational diabetes (GDM) tend to be large‐for‐gestational age (LGA). It is hypothesized …

Large birthweight, or macrosomia, is one of the commonest complications for pregnancies
affected by diabetes. As macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of a number of …

Context: It remains uncertain whether maternal IGF-I is associated with fetal growth. Little is
known about the role of maternal IGF-II in fetal growth and whether IGF-I or IGF-II is …

Diabetes mellitus complicates 1-2% of all pregnancies but is associated with high a
perinatal morbidity and mortality. Gestational diabetes affects up to 4% of pregnancies and …

Objective Attributable to the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis involvement in fetal growth
regulation, possible contribution of the maternal IGF axis to antenatal fetal macrosomia …