The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play crucial roles in
detecting and responding to the conserved patterns of microorganisms. To date, many …

Adaptation to a wide range of pathogenic environments is a major aspect of the ecological
adaptations of vertebrates during evolution. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient …

In the past decades, global freshwater fish production has been rapidly growing, while
cyprinid takes the largest portion. Along with the rapid rise of novel forms of intensive …

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),
possess specific pathogen-related molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition spectrum in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of
microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen …

Abstract Type I IFNs (IFN-Is) play pivotal roles in host defense against viral infections but
remain enigmatic against bacterial pathogens. In this study, we recombinantly expressed …

Membrane‐embedded Toll‐like receptor 5 (TLR5) functions as a homodimer to detect
bacterial flagellin. Cyprinid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) encodes two TLR5 genes …

Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), one of the most serious pathogens threatening grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella), can lead to grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD). Currently …