Cortisol—the most important steroid hormone with a significant effect on body metabolism—
strongly affects peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Fluctuations in cortisol …

Cortisol levels rise immediately after awakening and peak approximately 30–45 min
thereafter. Psychosocial functioning influences this cortisol awakening response (CAR), but …

Abstract After Covid-19 infection, 12.5% develops post-Covid-syndrome (PCS). Symptoms
indicate numerous affected organ systems. After a year, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia and …

Major depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder, affecting about 350 million people,
and around 30% of the patients are resistant to currently available antidepressant …

Background Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is associated
with diverse adverse health outcomes, making it an important therapeutic target …

Background Although antidepressants are often a first‐line treatment for adults with
moderate to severe depression, many people do not respond adequately to medication, and …

Background Between 30 and 50% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not
respond sufficiently to antidepressant regimens. The conventional pharmacological …

Background: Childhood trauma is an important early social risk factor for the development of
the major depressive disorder (MDD). Both childhood trauma and depression are …

Maternal prenatal cortisol levels have been inconsistently associated with self-reports of
prenatal psychological distress (PD). Previous research has linked hair cortisol …

Stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been implicated in the
etiology of a range psychiatric disorders; abnormalities in cortisol secretion are well …