There is an array of pathogenic fungi in the natural environment of plants, which produce
some molecules including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors …

Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and
biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes …

In plant–microbe interactions, symbionts and pathogens live within plants and attempt to
avoid triggering plant defense responses. In order to do so, these microbes have evolved …

Effectors are small, secreted molecules that alter host cell structure and function, thereby
facilitating infection or triggering a defense response. Effectoromics studies have focused on …

Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their
life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants …

Pseudomonas syringae-secreted HopA1 effectors are important determinants in host range
expansion and increased pathogenicity. Their recent acquisitions via horizontal gene …

Cytospora chrysosperma is the main causal agent of poplar canker disease in China,
especially in some areas with poor site conditions. Pathogens secrete a large number of …

Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic canals that facilitate intercellular communication and
molecular exchange between adjacent plant cells. PD-associated proteins are considered …

Recognition of avirulence (AVR) proteins by cognate plant resistance proteins leads to
effector-triggered immunity. Previous reports have indicated that the Phytophthora infestans …

Plant immunity is mediated in large part by specific interactions between a host resistance
protein and a pathogen effector protein, named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI needs …