Photosynthesis is central to life on Earth, employing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
produce chemical energy and oxygen. It is generally accepted that boosting its efficiency …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize
specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological …

Chloroplasts are plant organelles that carry out photosynthesis, produce various
metabolites, and sense changes in the external environment. Given their endosymbiotic …

Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism
in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role …

Communication between cellular compartments is vital for development and environmental
adaptation. Signals emanating from organelles, so-called retrograde signals, coordinate …

Communication between organelles and the nucleus is essential for fitness and survival.
Retrograde signals are cues emitted from the organelles to regulate nuclear gene …

The timing of flowering is tightly controlled by signals that integrate environmental and
endogenous cues. Sugars produced by carbon fixation in the chloroplast are a crucial …

During development or under stress, chloroplasts generate signals that regulate the
expression of a large number of nuclear genes, a process called retrograde signaling …

Plant seeds do not contain differentiated chloroplasts. Upon germination, the seedlings thus
need to gain photoautotrophy before storage energies are depleted. This requires the …