How consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly
assumed, and why all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates are conscious …

Lampreys, which represent the oldest group of living vertebrates (cyclostomes), show
unique eye development. The lamprey larva has only eyespot‐like immature eyes beneath a …

All vertebrate brains develop following a common Bauplan defined by anteroposterior (AP)
and dorsoventral (DV) subdivisions, characterized by largely conserved differential …

Studies on amphioxus, representing the most basal group of chordates, can give insights
into the evolution of vertebrate traits. The present review of amphioxus research is focused …

As animals forage for food and water or evade predators, they must rapidly decide what
visual features in the environment deserve attention. In vertebrates, this visuomotor …

The evolutionary origins of the hypoxia-sensitive cells that trigger amniote respiratory
reflexes–carotid body glomus cells, and 'pulmonary neuroendocrine cells'(PNECs)-are …

A common CNS architecture is observed in all chordates, from vertebrates to basal
chordates like the ascidian Ciona. Ciona stands apart among chordates in having a …

Our understanding of vertebrate origins and the backbone of human history evolves with
each new fossil find and DNA map. Many species have now had their genomes sequenced …

Animals constantly redirect their gaze away or towards relevant targets and, besides these
goal-oriented responses, stabilizing movements clamp the visual scene avoiding image …

Artificial propagation of lampreys was first developed to produce specimens for the study of
evolutionary development in vertebrates. In recent years, artificially propagated larvae have …