The brain is supplied by an elaborate vascular network that originates extracranially and
reaches deep into the brain. The concept of the neurovascular unit provides a useful …

Forming the inner layer of the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) facilitate a multitude
of crucial physiological processes throughout the body. Vascular ECs enable the vessel wall …

Hypertension is a leading cause of stroke and dementia, effects attributed to disrupting
delivery of blood flow to the brain. Hypertension also alters the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a …

Semaphorins, originally discovered as guidance cues for developing axons, are involved in
many processes that shape the nervous system during development, from neuronal …

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a diverse cluster of cerebrovascular
diseases primarily affecting small arteries, capillaries, arterioles and venules. The diagnosis …

Summary Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 constitute an immune
checkpoint pathway. We report that neuronal PD-1 signaling regulates learning/memory in …

As blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption emerges as a common problem in the early stages
of neurodegenerative diseases, the crucial roles of barrier-type brain endothelial cells …

One specific capillary subtype, termed type H vessel, has been found with unique functional
characteristics in coupling angiogenesis with osteogenesis. Researchers have fabricated a …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality
in aging adults across the United States. Prior studies indicate that the presence of …

Endothelial cells have a crucial role in nervous system function and mounting evidence
points to endothelial impairment as a major contributor to a wide range of neurological …