In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune'system, which functions
as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where …

The gut microbiome is a key regulator of bone health that affects postnatal skeletal
development and skeletal involution. Alterations in microbiota composition and host …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Osteoimmunology is a new subject which focuses on the communication between the
immune and the skeletal systems. Both the immune system and bone communicate with …

Low bone mass and strength lead to fragility fractures, for example, in elderly individuals
affected by osteoporosis or children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A decade ago, rare …

Highlights•Parathyroid hormone has dual anabolic and catabolic actions on the
skeleton.•The OPG–RANKL–RANK pathway is the main mediator of the catabolic actions of …

During bone resorption, abundant factors previously buried in the bone matrix are released
into the bone marrow microenvironment, which results in recruitment and differentiation of …

Macrophages are present in nearly all tissues and are critical for development, homeostasis,
and regeneration. Resident tissue macrophages of bone, termed osteal macrophages, are …

Immunology, already a discipline in its own right, has become a major part of many different
medical fields. However, its relationship to orthopedics and trauma surgery has …

Nutritional supplementation with probiotics can prevent pathologic bone loss. Here we
examined the impact of supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on bone …