This paper investigates conceptual and empirical issues in the study of police organizational
innovation. In particular, previous studies of police innovation have rarely created measures …

Specialized police gang units are a rapidly emerging form of concentrated social control.
Prior research, however, into the creation of specialized gang units suffers from a number of …

The Fourth Edition of Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies by Phyllis B.
Gerstenfeld takes a multidisciplinary approach that allows students to explore a broad scope …

Hate crimes are notoriously underestimated evident by significant differences reported
between the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey …

Although most large police organizations perform the same tasks, there is tremendous
variation in how individual organizations are structured. To account for this variation, author …

The organizational structures of large municipal police departments in the United States
have changed substantially during the twentieth century. Many of these changes can be …

Variation in compliance with public policies across local settings is examined through an
analysis of the number of reported hate crime incidents in United States counties. Particular …

Explores the interaction of race and law enforcement in the controversial area of hate crime.
Bell includes in her work the experiences of detectives who are women, Black, Latino, and …

Recent legislative responses to a perceived increase in hate crimes have resulted in efforts
to quantify the rates of occurrence of such crimes. However, there remains little …

Although researchers have begun to document the programs and activities performed by
police gang units, little research has examined why police gang units are created and why …