The visual pigments of vertebrates evolved about 500 million years ago, before the major
evolutionary step of the development of jaws. Four spectrally distinct classes of cone opsin …

▪ Abstract This review focuses on five key evolutionary issues pertaining to animal cognition,
defined as the neuronal processes concerned with the acquisition, retention, and use of …

Marine ecosystems are suffering severe depletion of apex predators worldwide [1–4]; shark
declines are principally due to conservative life-histories and fisheries overexploitation [5–8] …

Birds are highly visual animals with complex visual systems. In this article, we discuss the
spectral characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the spectral tuning of avian visual …

A strong foundation of basic and applied research documents that the estuarine fish
Fundulus heteroclitus and related species are unique laboratory and field models for …

Among vertebrates, teleost eye diversity exceeds that found in all other groups. Their
spectral sensitivities range from ultraviolet to red, and the number of visual pigments varies …

It has been 25 years since the formalization of the Sensory Drive hypothesis was published
in the American Naturalist (1992). Since then, there has been an explosion of research …

Cichlid fish of the East African Rift Lakes are renowned for their diversity and offer a unique
opportunity to study adaptive changes in the visual system in rapidly evolving species flocks …

The evolution of cone opsin genes is characterized by a dynamic process of gene birth and
death through gene duplication and loss. However, the forces governing the retention and …

A major goal of evolutionary biology is to unravel the molecular genetic mechanisms that
underlie functional diversification and adaptation. We investigated how changes in gene …