The generalization of fear memories is an adaptive neurobiological process that promotes
survival in complex and dynamic environments. When confronted with a potential threat, an …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) belongs to the most frequent anxiety disorders.
Despite a broad body of evidence concerning neurobiological correlates of this illness, the …

Observers learn to fear the context in which they witnessed a demonstrator's aversive
experience, called observational contextual fear conditioning (CFC). The neural …

Context memories initially require the hippocampus, but over time become independent of
this structure. This shift reflects a consolidation process whereby memories are gradually …

The pathomechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are still unknown, but both
fear conditioning and stress sensitisation are supposed to play a crucial role. Hence, valid …

Higher cognitive functions such as attention have been difficult to model in genetically
tractable organisms. In humans, attention-distracting stimuli interfere with trace but not delay …

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of human chromosome 21
(Hsa21) and is the most common genetic cause for developmental cognitive disability. The …

Although the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the formation of spatial memories, as these
memories mature they may become additionally (or even exclusively) dependent on …

Fear extinction is a form of new learning that results in the inhibition of conditioned fear. Trait
deficits in fear extinction are a risk factor for anxiety disorders. There are few examples of …

In this study, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) heterozygous knock-outs were tested
on fear conditioning, and their wild-type littermates were used as controls. Results showed …