Among the armoury of photovoltaic materials, thin film heterojunction photovoltaics continue
to be a promising candidate for solar energy conversion delivering a vast scope in terms of …

Cadmium chloride treatment is a key processing step identified in the late 1970s to
drastically improve the solar to electric conversion efficiency of CdS/CdTe thin film solar …

CdTe thin-film solar cells are now the main industrially established alternative to silicon-
based photovoltaics. These cells remain reliant on the so-called chloride activation step in …

Crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with highly preferential c-axis-oriented crystals were
prepared using the reactive e-beam evaporation technique. Prior to deposition, ZnO targets …

For more than 25 years, the CdTe photovoltaic research and manufacturing communities
have been subjecting CdTe materials to a CdCl2 treatment or activation step to improve …

Thin film solar cells based on CdS/CdTe hetero-structure has shown a drastic improvement
changing from 16.5 to 22.1% efficiency during a short period of time from~ 2013 to~ 2016 …

Highly preferential c-axis orientation ZnO thin films on Si (100) and quartz substrates have
been achieved by the sol–gel method. Structural investigation including surface morphology …

The role of CdCl 2 activation in the production of high quality CdTe-based photovoltaic
devices remains a subject of much debate. In this study, CdTe-based cells produced in three …

In this work the beneficial aspects of substituting CdS, the traditional heterojunction partner
to CdTe, with a bi-layer of CdSe/CdS is studied and the results are discussed. The high short …

We used low-temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum imaging (CLSI) with
nanoscale spatial resolution to examine charge-carrier recombination and defects at grain …