Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological
diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
worldwide. Motor deficits usually associated with PD correlate with dopaminergic axonal …

With the world's population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is on the rise.
In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. While a number of
nonmotor manifestations arise, the typical clinical features involve a movement disorder …

Lewy bodies (LBs) are α-synuclein (α-syn)-rich intracellular inclusions that are an important
pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease and several other neurodegenerative diseases …

Mitochondria is one of the main source of oxidative stress (ROS), as it utilizes the oxygen for
the energy production. ROS and RNS are normally generated by tightly regulated enzymes …

In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen
transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the reduction of dopamine …