This paper is the forty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Breathing is vital and must be concurrently robust and flexible. This rhythmic behavior is
generated and maintained within a rostrocaudally aligned set of medullary nuclei called the …

In 2020, fentanyl and its analogs contributed to~ 65% of drug-attributed fatalities in the USA,
with a threatening increasing trend during the last ten years. These synthetic opioids used …

Opioids depress breathing by inhibition of interconnected respiratory nuclei in the pons and
medulla. Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists directly hyperpolarize a population of neurons …

Introduction: Deaths due to overdose of fentanyls result primarily from depression of
respiration. These potent opioids can also produce muscle rigidity in the diaphragm and the …

Abstract In 2022, para-fluorofentanyl (pFF) rose to the 6th most reported drug and the most
reported fentanyl analog in the United States according to the Drug Enforcement …

Introduction: In vivo studies using selective, localized opioid antagonist injections or
localized opioid receptor deletion have identified that systemic opioids dose-dependently …

Fentanyl and its analogues are synthetic opioids of varying potencies that are unfortunately
heavily abused. Over the last 15 years, fentanyl and its analogues have contributed to the …

The opioid health crisis is a complex and multifaceted public health emergency that has 34
been unfolding across the globe, with particularly devastating impacts in the United States. It …

Codeine was microinjected into the area of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the adjacent
lateral parabrachial nucleus, within the pontine respiratory group in 8 anesthetized cats …