Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues …

Images projected onto the retina of an animal eye are rarely still. Instead, they usually
contain motion signals originating either from moving objects or from retinal slip caused by …

Optogenetic tools enable examination of how specific cell types contribute to brain circuit
functions. A long-standing question is whether it is possible to independently activate two …

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for systems
neuroscience. Here we describe red, single-wavelength GECIs,“RCaMPs,” engineered from …

Elucidation of the neural substrates underlying complex animal behaviors depends on
precise activity control tools, as well as compatible readout methods. Recent developments …

Synapses are often far from the soma and independently cope with proteopathic stress
induced by intense neuronal activity. However, how presynaptic compartments turn over …

Research in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has led to insights in neural development,
axon guidance, ion channel function, synaptic transmission, learning and memory, diurnal …

Optogenetics allows the manipulation of neural activity in freely moving animals with
millisecond precision, but its application in Drosophila melanogaster has been limited. Here …

The courtship song of the Drosophila male serves as a genetically tractable model for the
investigation of the neural mechanisms of decision-making, action selection, and motor …

Though much is known about the cellular and molecular components of the circadian clock,
output pathways that couple clock cells to overt behaviors have not been identified. We …