While cancer cell proliferation depends on access to extracellular nutrients, inadequate
tumour perfusion means that glucose, amino acids and lipids are often in short supply. To …

Simple Summary Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4-based immune checkpoint blockade
(ICB) immunotherapy have recently emerged as a breakthrough in human cancer treatment …

Neoplastic cells within individual carcinomas often exhibit considerable phenotypic
heterogeneity in their epithelial versus mesenchymal-like cell states. Because carcinoma …

Cancer cells within individual tumors often exist in distinct phenotypic states that differ in
functional attributes. While cancer cell populations typically display distinctive equilibria in …

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical event in the progression toward
cancer metastasis. The intermediate filament protein vimentin is an important marker of EMT …

Integrins are cell adhesion receptors, which are typically transmembrane glycoproteins that
connect to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The function of integrins regulated by biochemical …

Integrin α6β4 is a cellular adhesion molecule that binds to laminins in the extracellular
matrix and nucleates the formation of hemidesmosomes. During carcinoma progression …

During the last decade, gene expression profiling of breast cancer has revealed the
existence of five molecular subtypes and allowed the establishment of a new classification …

The multicellular nature of metazoans means that all cellular processes need to be tuned by
adhesive interactions between cells and their local microenvironment. The spatial …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is usually found at a late stage and
distant metastasis occurs at high frequency; therefore, novel prognostic markers are needed …