Past and future ocean warming
Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …
Trends and variability in the ocean carbon sink
The ocean has absorbed 25±2% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the early
1960s to the late 2010s, with rates more than tripling over this period and with a mean …
1960s to the late 2010s, with rates more than tripling over this period and with a mean …
Future global climate: scenario-based projections and near-term information
This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks
It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …
Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections
L Kwiatkowski, O Torres, L Bopp, O Aumont… - …, 2020 - bg.copernicus.org
Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead to ocean warming, acidification,
deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes to primary production, all …
deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes to primary production, all …
The GFDL Earth System Model version 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM 4.1): Overall coupled model description and simulation characteristics
We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …
Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities
The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …
Tropical teleconnection impacts on Antarctic climate changes
Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …
[HTML][HTML] Partitioning climate projection uncertainty with multiple large ensembles and CMIP5/6
Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …
[HTML][HTML] Development of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and the evaluation of biogeochemical processes and feedbacks
T Hajima, M Watanabe, A Yamamoto… - Geoscientific Model …, 2020 - gmd.copernicus.org
This article describes the new Earth system model (ESM), the Model for Interdisciplinary
Research on Climate, Earth System version 2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) …
Research on Climate, Earth System version 2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) …