This paper reviews key properties and major unsolved problems about Strong Thermal
Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and the picket fence. We first introduce the basic …

Optical structures located equatorward of the main auroral oval often exhibit different
morphologies and dynamics than structures at higher latitudes. In some cases, questions …

We report on a novel scenario of subauroral arcs within strong subauroral ion drifts (SAID)‐
STEVE and Picket Fence. Their explanation requires a local source of low‐energy, ε< 18.75 …

During the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm, citizen scientist observations from Dunedin
(45.95° S, 170.32° E), New Zealand, revealed a bright wide red arc known as stable auroral …

We present a unified approach to subauroral arcs within intense subauroral ion drifts (SAID),
which explains the observed transition of a precursor Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc into …

In this study, we present an analysis of the spectral transition of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR)
arc to Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) emission observed by the …

Land surface processes are strongly associated with heat waves (HWs). However, how the
uncertainties in land surface processes owing to inaccurate physical parameters influence …

We describe a mechanism to explain the subauroral emission feature called STEVE (Strong
Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement), with a focus on its continuum spectrum …

Subauroral emissions known as STEVEs (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity
Enhancements) are sometimes accompanied by green arcs containing magnetic field …

We report an event study of STEVE on 17 July 2018, with focus on the optical spectra and
emission altitudes of STEVE. We find that the STEVE comprises two traces, one at a higher …