Opiates are the primary treatment for pain management in cancer patients reporting
moderate to severe pain, and are being increasingly used for non-cancer chronic pain …

Opioids, named by Acheson for compounds with morphine-like actions despite chemically
distinct structures, have received much research interest, particularly for their central …

The habenular complex, encompassing medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) divisions, is a highly
conserved epithalamic structure involved in the dorsal diencephalic conduction system …

Tolerance to morphine‐induced analgesia is a well‐established phenomenon, often limiting
its usefulness in the long‐term treatment of pain. The mechanisms underlying tolerance are …

Opioid withdrawal syndrome is a debilitating manifestation of opioid dependence and
responds poorly to the available clinical therapies. Studies from various in vivo and in vitro …

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases (PTGS), are
heme-containing bis-oxygenases that catalyze the first committed reaction in metabolism of …

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) play an important role in the
development of pain and hyperalgesia. Experimental models have demonstrated that …

Although there is no “ideal analgesic,” scientists and clinicians alike continue to search for
compounds with qualities which may approach the “ideal analgesic.” Characteristics of an …

Background Repeated morphine treatment has been shown to induce transient receptor
potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) expression in the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) …

The peptide substance P and its tachykinin receptor, neurokinin-1 (NK1), have been the
focus of considerable research for their role in a variety of both central and peripheral …