Intractable neuropathic pain is a frequent consequence of nerve injury or disease. When
peripheral nerves are injured, damaged axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Schwann …

Neuropathic pain can result from injury to, or disease of the nervous system. It is notoriously
difficult to treat. Peripheral nerve injury promotes Schwann cell activation and invasion of …

Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in pain
processing and hypersensitivity. It regulates not only the expression of a variety of …

In males but not in females, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an obligatory
role in the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Afferent terminals of injured …

Background Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine released from …

The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses,
whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under …

Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and severe central nervous system
injury can lead to intestinal mucosal barrier damage, which can cause endotoxin …

Chronic pain is a common symptom of most clinical diseases, which seriously affects the
psychosomatic health of patients and brings some pain to patients. Due to its pathological …

Patients affected by glioma frequently experience epileptic discharges; however, the causes
of brain tumor–related epilepsy (BTRE) are still not completely understood. We investigated …

Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a diabetes complication experienced by many patients.
Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) neurons are essential mediators of the …