This report is the second part of a comprehensive two-part series aimed at reviewing an
extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain health and function. While …

Diffuse optical tomography using deep learning is an emerging technology that has found
impressive medical diagnostic applications. However, creating an optical imaging system …

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful tool for assessing microvascular
hemodynamic in deep tissues. Recent advances in sensors, lasers, and deep learning have …

Diffuse optics (DO) is a light-based technique used to study the human brain, but it suffers
from low brain specificity. Interferometric diffuse optics (iDO) promises to improve the …

Significance: Time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) has been
considered as the gold standard of noninvasive optical brain imaging devices. However …

Time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-DCS) has been introduced as an
advancement of the “classical” continuous wave DCS (CW-DCS) allowing one to not only to …

Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) is a group of techniques used to measure the dynamics
of a scattering medium in a non-invasive manner. DWS methods rely on detecting the …

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a promising noninvasive technique for monitoring
cerebral blood flow and measuring cortex functional activation tasks. Taking multiple parallel …

Time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-DCS) offers a novel approach to high-
spatial resolution functional brain imaging based on the direct quantification of cerebral …

Significance: Multi-laboratory initiatives are essential in performance assessment and
standardization—crucial for bringing biophotonics to mature clinical use—to establish …