This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Substance P (SP) is one of the most abundant peptides in the central nervous system and
has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Basolateral amygdala (BLA) principal cells are capable of driving and antagonizing
behaviors of opposing valence. BLA neurons project to the central amygdala (CeA), which …

Placebo-induced expectancies have been shown to decrease pain in a manner reversible
by opioid antagonists, but little is known about the central brain mechanisms of opioid …

Recent findings regarding the neurobiological and developmental substrates of complex
trauma and complex traumatic stress disorders are introduced in Chapter 2 …

Pain is more than merely nociception and response, but rather it encompasses emotional,
behavioral and cognitive components that make up the pain experience. With the recent …

The descending pain modulatory pathway exerts important bidirectional control of
nociceptive inputs to dampen and/or facilitate the perception of pain. The ventrolateral …

Marijuana has been used to relieve pain for centuries, but its analgesic mechanism has only
been understood during the past two decades. It is mainly mediated by its constituents …

For decades, research has demonstrated that chronic diseases characterized by
dysregulation of inflammation are particularly susceptible to exacerbation by stress and …

Background: Acute cutaneous neurogenic inflammation initiated by activation of transient
receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptors following intradermal injection of capsaicin …