Global populations are undergoing a major epidemiological transition in which the burden of
atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is shifting rapidly from high-income to low-income …

New data on the epidemiology of peripheral artery disease (PAD) are available, and they
should be integrated with previous data. We provide an updated, integrated overview of the …

These guidelines address the diagnosis and management of atherosclerotic, aneurysmal,
and thromboembolic peripheral arterial diseases (PADs). The clinical manifestations of PAD …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced at low levels in mammalian cells by various
metabolic processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondrial respiratory …

There are numerous theories of aging, a process which still seems inevitable. Aging leads to
cancer and multi-systemic disorders as well as chronic diseases. Decline in age-associated …

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for occlusive cardiovascular
disease (CVD). This concept is based on the observations of premature vascular disease in …

Background—Data on the natural history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are scarce and
are focused primarily on clinical symptoms. Using noninvasive tests, we assessed the role of …

OBJECTIVE: The epidemiology of peripheral vascular disease has rarely been studied in
non-European populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and …

Background: Few population-based studies have assessed relations between plasma or
serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and all-cause mortality. Objective: Our goal was to study …

Hyperhomocysteinemia promotes atherosclerosis and is most commonly caused by B-
vitamin deficiencies, especially folic acid, B 6, and B 12; genetic disorders; certain drugs; …