Despite tremendous successes in the field of antibiotic discovery seen in the previous
century, infectious diseases have remained a leading cause of death. More specifically …

Gram-negative bacteria and their complex cell envelope, which comprises an outer
membrane and an inner membrane, are an important and attractive system for studying the …

Transport of ions through pores in membranes is a process of fundamental importance to
cell biology. In living organisms, such transport is facilitated by ion channels that utilize the …

Cell envelope plays a dual role in the life of bacteria by simultaneously protecting it from a
hostile environment and facilitating access to beneficial molecules. At the heart of this ability …

Gram-negative bacteria can resist antibiotics by changing the permeability via their outer
membrane. These bacteria have a complex cell envelope that incorporates an outer …

The double-membrane cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a sophisticated barrier
that facilitates the uptake of nutrients and protects the organism from toxic compounds. An …

Transport of molecules through biological membranes is a fundamental process in biology,
facilitated by selective channels and general pores. The architecture of some outer …

The transport of small molecules across membranes is essential for the import of nutrients
and other energy sources into the cell and, for the export of waste and other potentially …

The evolution of resistance in Salmonella to fluoroquinolones (FQs) under a broad range of
sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) has not been systematically studied. This study …

Integral membrane proteins known as porins are the major pathway by which hydrophilic
antibiotics cross the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Single point mutations in …