Hyponatremia is defined as a decrease in the serum sodium concentration to a level below
136 mmol per liter. Whereas hypernatremia always denotes hypertonicity, hyponatremia can …

Lang, Florian, Gillian L. Busch, Markus Ritter, Harald Völkl, Siegfried Waldegger, Erich
Gulbins, and Dieter Häussinger. Functional Significance of Cell Volume Regulatory …

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, affecting more than 15% of patients
in the hospital. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the most frequent cause of …

Virtually all investigators now agree that self-induced water intoxication, symptomatic
hospital-acquired hyponatremia, and hyponatremia associated with intracranial pathology …

Hyponatremia is defined by low serum sodium concentration and is the most common
electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice. Serum sodium is the main determinant …

Focal symmetric demyelination in the central nervous system may be precipitated by
aggressive correction of a hyper-or hypo-osmolar state and until recently has been …

Mammalian cells utilize a wide variety of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. For rapid
adjustment of cell volume cells release or accumulate ions through respective channels and …

OBJECTIVE: Dysnatremias are common in critically ill patients and associated with adverse
outcomes, but their incidence, nature, and treatment rarely have been studied systematically …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mor-tality in the United States in all age
groups, with head injury a contributing factor in over 60% of traumarelated deaths. 1–3 The …

Hyponatremia is a very common electrolyte disorder, especially in the elderly, and is
associated with significant morbidity, mortality and disability. In particular, the consequences …