Cooperation is widespread in nature, occurring in every taxa on Earth. Nevertheless, the
contexts in which cooperation occurs—and the forms it takes—vary widely. In this Review …

Humans and many other animal species act in ways that benefit others. Such prosocial
behaviour has been studied extensively across a range of disciplines over the last decades …

The cognitive constraint hypothesis maintains reciprocity is rare among animals because it
requires cognitive capabilities that are rare, if not absent, in animals. In particular, it suggests …

Humans frequently benefit others strategically to elicit future cooperation. While such forms
of calculated reciprocity are powerful in eliciting cooperative behaviors even among self …

Reciprocity allows animals to balance the costs and benefits of cooperative interactions by
switching roles over time. Reciprocity can be based on two different processes: a within …

In the version of the article originally published, the title now reading “The cognitive
challenges of cooperation in human and nonhuman animals” incorrectly appeared as “The …

Highlights•Capuchin monkeys faced a cooperative task involving a conflict of interests.•They
flexibly adapted to the different experimental conditions.•Their behaviour was not influenced …