Background Use of smokeless tobacco (ST) can lead to tobacco dependence and long‐term
use can lead to health problems including periodontal disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular …

Background: Smokeless tobacco (ST) substitution for cigarettes as a method to reduce harm
has been actively debated. Use of ST as a smoking cessation method or as a means to …

Over the past several years, US tobacco companies have expanded marketing and
promotion of ST products. A major aim of this statement is to review and summarize the …

OBJECTIVES. Little is known about the risks of cardiovascular disease associated with the
use of smokeless tobacco, which produces blood nicotine levels similar to those caused by …

The book is theme oriented. We repeatedly contrast the biomedical model with the
biopsychosocial model. These contrasting views of health, disease, and health care are …

Objectives. To address the question of whether serum cotinine is a better measure of
cigarette smoking than self-reported behavior by examining the relation of biochemical …

Background. The scientific evidence on cardiovascular risks associated with long‐term use
of snuff is limited and inconclusive. The use of this smokeless tobacco has increased in …

The effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) use were studied in 1109 members of major and
minor league professional baseball teams during spring training in 1988. The prevalence of …

The prevalence of smokeless tobacco is significant and reaches as high as 17% past month
use in white males aged 18–25. Smokeless tobacco use is of concern because of the …

This article discusses the evolution of smokeless tobacco in the United States and interprets
the available data on cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular mortality associated …