The skin is a complex organ that has devised numerous strategies, such as physical,
chemical, and microbiological barriers, to protect the host from external insults. In addition …

abstract The signs and symptoms of chronic urticaria (CU) are caused by the activation and
degranulation of skin mast cells (MCs). Recent studies have added to our understanding of …

B cells play a central role in humoral immunity but also have antibody-independent
functions. Studies to date have focused on B cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs …

The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and
pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not …

Epithelial barriers, which include the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary mucosa,
compose the body's front line of defense. Since barrier tissues are persistently exposed to …

Bidirectional interplay between the peripheral immune and nervous systems plays a crucial
role in maintaining homeostasis and responding to noxious stimuli. This crosstalk is …

B cells are well known as critical mediators of humoral immune responses via the production
of antibodies. However, numerous studies have also identified populations of B cells that are …

In mammals, adaptive immunity is mediated by a broadly diverse repertoire of naive B and T
lymphocytes that recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs. Initial antigen exposure …

Traditionally, the skin was believed to be devoid of B cells, and studies of the skin immune
system have largely focused on other types of leukocytes. Exciting recent data show that B …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex, immune-mediated rheumatic disease characterised
by excessive extracellular matrix deposition in the skin and internal organs. B cell infiltration …