Osteoporosis, is the most common bone disorder worldwide characterized by low bone
mineral density, leaving affected bones vulnerable to fracture. Bone homeostasis depends …

Anemia of inflammation (AI), also known as anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is regarded
as the most frequent anemia in hospitalized and chronically ill patients. It is prevalent in …

Abstract Iron deficiency anemia affects> 1.2 billions individuals worldwide, and iron
deficiency in the absence of anemia is even more frequent. Total-body (absolute) iron …

200 billion red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day, requiring more than 2× 10 15
iron atoms every second to maintain adequate erythropoiesis. These numbers translate into …

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an inflammation-associated hormone with
poorly defined biology. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in bacterial and viral …

GDF15, a hormone acting on the brainstem, has been implicated in the nausea and vomiting
of pregnancy, including its most severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), but a full …

Haemochromatosis is defined as systemic iron overload of genetic origin, caused by a
reduction in the concentration of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, or a reduction in …

The liver orchestrates systemic iron balance by producing and secreting hepcidin. Known as
the iron hormone, hepcidin induces degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin to control …

Iron is required for many biological processes but is also toxic in excess; thus, body iron
balance is maintained through sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. The lack of a regulated …

Recovery from blood loss requires a greatly enhanced supply of iron to support expanded
erythropoiesis. After hemorrhage, suppression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin …