During pregnancy, various immune effectors and molecules participating in the immune-
microenvironment establish specific maternal tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus …

The prevalence of obesity is increasingly common in the United States, with~ 25% of women
of reproductive age being overweight or obese. Metaflammation, a chronic low grade …

Embryo–endometrial communication plays a critical role in embryo implantation and the
establishment of a successful pregnancy. Successful pregnancy outcomes involve maternal …

During pregnancy, a unique immune milieu is established systemically and locally at the
maternal-fetal interface. While preparing for embryonic implantation, endometrial effectors …

Pregnancy is a complex but well-arranged process, and a healthy fetus requires immune
privilege and surveillance in the presence of paternally derived antigens. Maternal and fetal …

During human pregnancy, trophoblast cells, the main cellular component of the placenta,
invade deeply into uterine blood vessels and the modified endometrium (decidua). Hence …

Circulating TFH (cTFH) cells express CXCR5, PD‐1, and, when activated, ICOS, and
release IL‐21. According to the production of IFN‐γ, IL‐4, and IL‐17 and expression of …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine, which is involved in physiological
and pathological processes and has been found to be crucial for pain development. In the …

IgE sensitisation has increased significantly over the last decades and is a crucial factor in
the development of allergic diseases. IgE antibodies are produced by B cells through the …

B cells constitute a diverse and adaptable immune cell population with functions that can
vary according to the environment and circumstances. The involvement of B cells in …