The seven serotypes of botulinum toxin (BTX) produced by Clostridium botulinum exert their
paralytic effect by inhabiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Each of …

Botulinum neurotoxins are formulated biologic pharmaceuticals used therapeutically to treat
a wide variety of chronic conditions, with varying governmental approvals by country. Some …

Background Treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis is often unsatisfactory. Botulinum toxin
A can stop excessive sweating by blocking the release of acetylcholine, which mediates …

Botulinum toxin antibodies (ABS) may be a reason why occasionally patients do not have a
response to injections with botulinum toxin type A (BTX). We tested 86 patients with cervical …

Purpose: The paralytic effect of botulinum-A toxin injections on the external urethral
sphincter was investigated prospectively in patients with neurogenic voiding disorders …

Botulinum toxin injections have become an extremely useful therapeutic modality in the
treatment of certain segmental movement disorders such as blepharospasm, adult onset …

Background Spasticity is a common and serious complication following a stroke, and many
clinical research have been conducted to evaluate the effect of extracorporeal shock wave …

Background Synkinesis is defined as involuntary movements accompanying by voluntary
movements and can occur during the aftermath of peripheral facial palsy, causing functional …

Objective: To study the efficacy, safety, and incidence of BtxA antibody formation with
repeated treatments with BtxA in post-stroke upper limb muscle spasticity. Methods: The …

The use of Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is increasing in both clinical and basic science.
Clinically, intramuscular injection of nanogram quantities of BoNT is fast becoming the …