In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-
α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or …

Immunological mechanisms have come into the focus of current translational stroke
research, and the modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways has been identified as a …

Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in
perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that …

The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation.
Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain …

High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was initially recognized as a ubiquitous nuclear protein
involved in maintaining the nucleosome integrity and facilitating gene transcription. HMGB1 …

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke but currently lacks
effective treatment. Microglia are among the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the …

Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive
emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed …

The nervous and immune systems control whole-body homeostasis and respond to various
types of tissue injury, including stroke, in a coordinated manner. Cerebral ischaemia and …

High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein released by glia
and neurons upon inflammasome activation and activates receptor for advanced glycation …