Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the
mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure …

The use of serum containing polyclonal antibodies from animals immunized with toxins
marked the beginning of the application of antibody-based therapy in late nineteenth …

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can effectively redirect cytotoxic T cells toward highly
expressed surface antigens on tumor cells. The low expression of several tumor-associated …

Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells is a promising strategy for
cancer immunotherapy. The CD38 molecule, with its high expression on multiple myeloma …

Bacteriophages have emerged as versatile tools in the field of bioengineering, with
enormous potential in tissue engineering, vaccine development, and immunotherapy. The …

Affinity maturation is often a necessary step for the development of potent therapeutic
molecules. Many different diversification strategies have been used for antibody affinity …

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate critical physiological processes, such as cell
growth, survival, motility, and metabolism. Abnormal activation of RTKs and relative …

Abstract Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a high-toxic biohazard that pollutes ecological
environment and agroproducts. In this study, a newly recombined genetically engineered …

Antibody engineering must be accompanied by mapping strategies focused on identifying
the epitope recognized by each antibody to define its unique functional identity. High …

Human antibodies are the most important class of biologicals, and antibodies–human and
nonhuman–are indispensable as research agents and for diagnostic assays. When …