Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) occurs in the starts and turns of three of the four
competitive swimming strokes and plays a significant role in overall swimming performance …

In competitive human swimming the submerged dolphin kick stroke (underwater undulatory
swimming) is utilized after dives and turns. The optimal dolphin kick has a balance between …

The purpose of this study was to use the planimetric method to determine frontal area (Ap)
throughout the stroke cycle in the four swimming strokes as well as during “streamlined leg …

Eight elite swimmers—four females and four males—were studied, each of whom
specialized in different swimming techniques and ranked among the top 10 in the world in …

To maximize swimming speed athletes copy fish undulatory swimming during the
underwater period after start and turn. The anatomical limitations may lead to deviations and …

Ankle flexibility is critical to obtain a high swimming velocity in undulatory underwater
swimming (UUS). The present study investigated the Froude (propelling) efficiency and …

Three-dimensional fully unsteady computational fluid dynamic simulations of five Olympic-
level swimmers performing the underwater dolphin kick are used to estimate the swimmer's …

Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) is an important swimming technique after a start
and after turns. It was considered that a higher swimming velocity (U) resulted from a higher …

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of torso morphology on maximum
instantaneous hydrodynamic resistance in front crawl swimming. Outlines of the torso in the …

In this study, we investigated the effects of increased kick frequency on the propelling
efficiency and the muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick. Participants …