Importance Mortality among people with opioid dependence is higher than that of the
general population. Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is an effective treatment for opioid …

Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health
problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) …

Recent evidence indicates that the United States is facing a public health crisis of alcohol
misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which has been fueled in part by dramatic rises in …

Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness
across the lifespan. Yet, the biological pathways through which this occurs remain unclear …

Altered secretion of cortisol, the primary effector of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis,
has been proposed as a means by which traumatic experiences compromise later mental …

In this review, we discuss the relationship between childhood trauma, early-life stress, and
substance use, abuse, and addiction. We further provide theories and neural studies to …

Experience of early life stress (ELS) and trauma is highly prevalent in the general population
and has a high public health impact, as it can trigger a health-related risk cascade and lead …

Adverse experiences during childhood can have long-lasting impacts on physical and
mental health. At the heart of most theories of how these effects are transduced into health …

Studies have shown that traumatic experiences may affect hormonal systems mediated by
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the oxytocinergic system. This effect is the …

Studies of early life stress (ELS) demonstrate the long-lasting effects of acute and chronic
stress on developmental trajectories. Such experiences can become biologically …