G protein coupled receptors have historically been one of the most druggable classes of
cellular proteins. The members of this large receptor gene family couple to primary effectors …

Covering: 1990 to 2015 The clerodane diterpenoids are a widespread class of secondary
metabolites and have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families …

Natural products found in Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, represent
diverse scaffolds (indole, indolenine, and spiro pseudoindoxyl) with opioid activity, providing …

Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is
achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which …

Salvia divinorum is a perennial sage native to Oaxaca, Mexico, that has been used
traditionally in divination rituals and as a treatment for the “semimagical” disease panzón de …

This paper is the 29th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning 30 years of research. It summarizes papers …

Pain continues to be an enormous global health challenge, with millions of new untreated or
inadequately treated patients reported annually. With respect to current clinical applications …

Strong opioid analgesics, including morphine, are the mainstays for treating moderate to
severe acute pain and alleviating chronic cancer pain. However, opioid-related adverse …

The plant metabolite salvinorin A potently and selectively agonizes the human kappa-opioid
receptor, an emerging target for next-generation analgesics. Here we review analogs of the …

The opium poppy, PapaVer somniferum, is one of several plants that have profoundly
affected human history. 1 It has provided an unmatched medicine for the relief of pain for …