Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pumping and ensure …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

INTRODUCTION Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that upon stimulation
modulate the flow of ions across the cell or organelle membrane. The resulting electrical …

Ion transport is the fundamental factor determining salinity tolerance in plants. The Review
starts from differences in ion transport between salt tolerant halophytes and salt-sensitive …

The light-driven sodium-pumping rhodopsin KR2 from Krokinobacter eikastus is the only
non-proton cation active transporter with demonstrated potential for optogenetics. However …

Generation of an electrochemical proton gradient is the first step of cell bioenergetics. In
prokaryotes, the gradient is created by outward membrane protein proton pumps. Inward …

INTRODUCTION Microorganisms obtain most of the information about their environments
through membrane-associated signaling systems. One of the most abundant classes of …

Rhodopsins are the most universal biological light-energy transducers and abundant
phototrophic mechanisms that evolved on Earth and have a remarkable diversity and …