Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetics is widely used to interrogate the neural circuits underlying disease and has
most recently been harnessed for therapeutic applications. The optogenetic toolkit consists …

Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has
become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

Monitoring and modulating the diversity of signals used by neurons and glia in a closed-loop
fashion is necessary to establish causative links between biochemical processes within the …

The biophysical properties of existing optogenetic tools constrain the scale, speed, and
fidelity of precise optogenetic control. Here, we use structure-guided mutagenesis to …

Wireless, battery-free, and fully subdermally implantable optogenetic tools are poised to
transform neurobiological research in freely moving animals. Current-generation wireless …

Channelrhodopsins are light-activated ion channels that mediate cation permeation across
cell membranes upon light absorption. Red-light-activated channelrhodopsins are of …

The use of optogenetic stimulation to evoke neuronal activity in targeted neural populations—
enabled by opsins with fast kinetics, high sensitivity and cell-type and subcellular specificity …

Vision restoration is an ideal medical application for optogenetics, because the eye provides
direct optical access to the retina for stimulation. Optogenetic therapy could be used for …