Strong epidemiological evidence now exists that sex is an important biologic variable in
immunity. Recent studies, for example, have revealed that sex differences are associated …

Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond
sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been …

Women have stronger immune responses to infections and vaccination than men.
Paradoxically, the stronger immune response comes at a steep price, which is the high …

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from
asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of …

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of the coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has ravaged the world, with over 22 million total cases …

The recent outbreak of infections and the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 represent one
of the most severe threats to human health in more than a century. Emerging data from the …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic-reproductive-endocrine disorder that,
while having a genetic component, is known to have a complex multifactorial etiology. As …

Background: The adverse events reported from the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have varied
from very mild, such as pain near the vaccination site, to more severe, with occasional …

From the clinical standpoint, systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by skin and internal
organ fibrosis, diffuse fibroproliferative vascular modifications, and autoimmunity. Clinical …

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a significant sex dimorphism, with women
showing increased susceptibility to disease. This is, at least in part, due to sex-dependent …