CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in
mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation …

The cellular membrane constitutes one of the most fundamental compartments of a living
cell, where key processes such as selective transport of material and exchange of …

Understanding structural dynamics of biomolecules at the single-molecule level is vital to
advancing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms. Currently, there are few techniques …

CLC proteins transport chloride (Cl−) ions across cellular membranes to regulate muscle
excitability, electrolyte movement across epithelia, and acidification of intracellular …

ClC-6 is a late endosomal voltage-gated chloride-proton exchanger that is predominantly
expressed in the nervous system. Mutated forms of ClC-6 are associated with severe …

CLC channels mediate passive Cl− conduction, while CLC transporters mediate active Cl−
transport coupled to H+ transport in the opposite direction. The distinction between CLC …

ClC-1 protein channels facilitate rapid passage of chloride ions across cellular membranes,
thereby orchestrating skeletal muscle excitability. Malfunction of ClC-1 is associated with …

Among coupled exchangers, CLCs uniquely catalyze the exchange of oppositely charged
ions (Cl–for H+). Transport-cycle models to describe and explain this unusual mechanism …

Multiscale reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to study proton transport
through the central region of ClC-ec1, a widely studied ClC transporter that enables the …

Despite several years of research, the ion exchange mechanisms in chloride/proton
antiporters and many other coupled transporters are not yet understood at the molecular …