Numerous metazoans express venoms for the purpose of defense, competitor deterrence, or
prey capture. Peptide neurotoxins are particularly well represented in the venoms of …

Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system fail to regenerate after spinal cord
injury. Neurons lose their capacity to regenerate during development, but the intracellular …

BACKGROUND Plutella xylostella (L.) is a serious worldwide pest that feeds on cruciferous
plants and has evolved resistance to different classes of insecticides used for its control …

The insect mushroom bodies (MBs) are multimodal signal processing centers and are
essential for olfactory learning. Electrophysiological recordings from the MBs' principal …

In animals, sensory processing via parallel pathways, including the olfactory system, is a
common design. However, the mechanisms that parallel pathways use to encode highly …

A diverse population of local interneurons (LNs) helps to process, structure, and spatially
represent olfactory information in the insect antennal lobe. In Periplaneta americana, we …

Behavioral and physiological studies show that neuronal interactions among the glomeruli
in the insect antennal lobe (AL) take place during the processing of odor information. These …

Stick insect middle leg (mesothoracic) motoneurons receive tonic excitatory input during
front leg stepping on a treadmill. We studied the pharmacology of this excitatory input to the …

We used patch-clamp recordings and fast optical Ca2+ imaging to characterize an
acetylcholine-induced current (I ACh) in leg motoneurons of the stick insect Carausius …

For some moth species, especially those closely interrelated and sympatric, recognizing a
specific pheromone component concentration ratio is essential for males to successfully …