MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–24 nucleotide noncoding RNAs abundant in plants and
animals. The biogenesis of plant miRNAs involves transcription of miRNA genes, processing …

Protection against microbial infection in eukaryotes is provided by diverse cellular and
molecular mechanisms. Here, we present a comparative view of the antiviral activity of virus …

Plant pathogenic fungi represent the largest group of disease-causing agents on crop
plants, and are a constant and major threat to agriculture worldwide. Recent studies have …

Soybean is one of the most important oilseed and fodder crops. Benefiting from the efforts of
soybean breeders and the development of breeding technology, large number of …

The extracellular space (apoplast) of plant tissue represents a critical battleground between
plants and attacking microbes. Here we show that a pathogen-secreted apoplastic …

Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to
agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between …

Plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. In order to optimize the output of
defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to …

A broad range of parasites rely on the functions of effector proteins to subvert host immune
response and facilitate disease development. The notorious Phytophthora pathogens …

Some of the most devastating oomycete pathogens deploy effector proteins, with the
signature amino acid motif RXLR, that enter plant cells to promote virulence. Research on …

Plants and animals utilize various regulatory mechanisms for control of gene expression
during development in different tissues and cell types. About 30 years ago, a new …