Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

The electric excitability of muscle, heart, and brain tissue relies on the precise interplay of
Na+-and K+-selective ion channels. The involved ion fluxes are controlled in optogenetic …

In humans, traumatic social experiences can contribute to psychiatric disorders. It is
suggested that social trauma impairs brain reward function such that social behaviour is no …

Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has
become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many …

The acquisition and execution of motor skills are mediated by a distributed motor network,
spanning cortical and subcortical brain areas. The sensorimotor striatum is an important cog …

Breathing can be heavily influenced by pain or internal emotional states, but the neural
circuitry underlying this tight coordination is unknown. Here we report that Oprm1 (μ-opioid …

Central nervous system neurons communicate via fast synaptic transmission mediated by
ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors and slower neuromodulation mediated by G …

Fasting initiates a multitude of adaptations to allow survival. Activation of the hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent release of glucocorticoid hormones is a key …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …