Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in
changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are …

Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

THE MAMMALIAN IMMUNE SYSTEM can be broadly divided into two main arms: innate and
adaptive immunity. As its name implies, the cells and receptors of the innate immune system …

Given its critical role in T-cell signaling, interleukin-2–inducible kinase (ITK) is an appealing
therapeutic target that can contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infectious, autoimmune …

Abstract Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) is crucial for immunity against intracellular pathogens and for
tumor control. However, aberrant IFN‐γ expression has been associated with a number of …

▪ Abstract Eleven distinct isoforms of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC),
which are grouped into four subfamilies (β, γ, δ, and∍), have been identified in mammals …

The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating the appropriate immune response
to a wide variety of pathogens. The recognition of the polarized T helper cell subsets Th1 …

Abstract Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate numerous biological processes,
including cell growth, differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration and metabolism. In the …

Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase
important in B‐lymphocyte development, differentiation, and signaling. Btk is a member of …

Photosynthetic light harvesting in excess light is regulated by a process known as feedback
deexcitation. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements on thylakoid membranes …