The blast furnace and direct reduction processes have been the major iron production
routes for various iron ores (ie goethite, hematite, magnetite, maghemite, siderite, etc.) in the …

Carbon-rich sources, such as coal and carbon monoxide gas, have been extensively used
in the metal industry as the reducing agent of metal oxides and as the energy source for …

The production of ferronickel through conventional methods results in substantial CO 2
emissions. To mitigate CO 2 impact, using hydrogen gas as a reductant in Hydrogen Plasma …

Growing environmental concerns are driving the steel industry to explore cleaner energy
options, with hydrogen emerging as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Our study …

This article presents the findings of a study on oxide reduction utilizing a novel reducing
plasma torch, employing greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 as plasma gases. The …

The challenge of making sponge iron, or direct reduced iron (DRI), is hard to overstate.
These are a key feed for metallurgical operations while iron extraction sets these limits …

The reduction kinetics of hematite (Fe2O3) powders was studied using nonequilibrium
hydrogen plasma as reducing agent. Reduction experiments were performed in a DC …

The reduction of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) powders was studied using hydrogen plasma (HP)
and hydrogen gas at low temperatures. The reduction experiments were performed in a …